I have to take my Annie out on her leash to her potty place and encourage her to do what she needs to do. She can be stubborn also. In addition, I would never leave her outdoors alone due to the "critters" that inhabit our property {12 acres} and a fence wouldn't stop them. We have Fisher Cats by the river that could shred my little girl to ribbons, coyotes, fox, and other predators. No fence exists that would prevent tunneling under, or jumping over by these creatures. While it is really a pain to take her out on her leash, at least I know when she has done her duty and can be fairly certain that I will have several hours where I do not have to worry about soiling carpets or leaving solid waste for someone to step in and track through the house. She can be stubborn, oh yes, and we do have accidents if I do not take her out at scheduled intervals, but I will NOT take her back into the house until she has performed. She gets a small 2 calorie treat immediately after producing. (Sometimes I think she just squats and does nothing just so a treat will be forthcoming,) but I have learned to bend over and carefully examine the chosen spot for evidence that she has actually done what she is supposed to do on potty breaks.